This article analyses different ways of perceiving sports based on the study of cinematographic documentary of the first Olympic Games. The aim is to explore the political discourses and aesthetic senses transmitted through images, studying footages from the beginning of the twentieth century until Berlin 1936, when the aestheticization process became analogous to the sportization process, as Norbert Elias pointed out. This ‘movement-image’—as Gilles Deleuze named it—shows that a set of documentary Olympics footages, especially those produced since Saint Louis Games (...) in 1904, projected meanings about the individual and collective body. The hypothesis is that historic filmed physical activities intended to educate through not only the gaze but also the gaze itself, to form ways of perceiving bodies and practices.The central focus of this paper argues that the informative cinema teaches through the exhibition of educated bodies, but also forms the sensitivity of the viewer perspective. In other words, it not only transmits ways of doing but also forms an ethos, to form ways of perceiving, to form ways of being sensitive. The aim of this study is to explore the political discourses and aesthetic senses transmitted through the Olympic images, which are often loaded with moralism and patriotism. This paper concludes with a conceptual counterpoint between Jacques Rancière and Walter Benjamin about technical reproducibility and political reproduction, considering the aesthetic-political tension that sports put into play. (shrink)

Who Comes After the Subject offers the most comprehensive overview to date of contemporary French thinking on the question of the "subject." Nineteen philosophers and critics offer diverse perspectives on the subject as it has manifested itself in our modern discourses: the subject of philosophy, of the State, of history, of psychoanalysis. Each contribution asks What has become of the subject? or What has the subject become? in the wake of its critiques and deconstructions .

To the surprise of many readers, Jürgen Habermas has recently made religion a major theme of his work. Emphasizing both religion's prominence in the contemporary public sphere and its potential contributions to critical thought, Habermas's engagement with religion has been controversial and exciting, putting much of his own work in fresh perspective and engaging key themes in philosophy, politics and social theory. Habermas argues that the once widely accepted hypothesis of progressive secularization fails to account for the multiple trajectories of (...) modernization in the contemporary world. He calls attention to the contemporary significance of "postmetaphysical" thought and "postsecular" consciousness - even in Western societies that have embraced a rationalistic understanding of public reason. Edited by Craig Calhoun, Eduardo Mendieta, and Jonathan VanAntwerpen, _Habermas and Religion_ presents a series of original and sustained engagements with Habermas's writing on religion in the public sphere, featuring new work and critical reflections from leading philosophers, social and political theorists, and anthropologists. Contributors to the volume respond both to Habermas's ambitious and well-developed philosophical project and to his most recent work on religion. The book closes with an extended response from Habermas - itself a major statement from one of today's most important thinkers. (shrink)

This paper defends the Quine-Putnam mathematical indispensability argument against two objections raised by Penelope Maddy. The objections concern scientific practices regarding the development of the atomic theory and the role of applied mathematics in the continuum and infinity. I present two alternative accounts by Stephen Brush and Alan Chalmers on the atomic theory. I argue that these two theories are consistent with Quine’s theory of scientific confirmation. I advance some novel versions of the indispensability argument. I argue that these new (...) versions accommodate Maddy’s history of the atomic theory. Counter-examples are provided regarding the role of the mathematical continuum and mathematical infinity in science. (shrink)

This volume collects a number of important and revealing interviews with Richard Rorty, spanning more than two decades of his public intellectual commentary, engagement, and criticism. In colloquial language, Rorty discusses the relevance and nonrelevance of philosophy to American political and public life. The collection also provides a candid set of insights into Rorty's political beliefs and his commitment to the labor and union traditions in this country. Finally, the interviews reveal Rorty to be a deeply engaged social thinker and (...) observer. (shrink)

State of the art paper on the problem of induction: how to justify the conclusion that ‘all Fs are Gs’ from the premise that ‘all observed Fs are Gs’. The most prominent theories of contemporary philosophical literature are discussed and analysed, such as: inductivism, reliabilism, perspective of laws of nature, rationalism, falsificationism, the material theory of induction and probabilistic approaches, according to Carnap, Reichenbach and Bayesianism. In the end, we discuss the new problem of induction of Goodman, raised by the (...) grue predicate. (shrink)

State of the art paper on the topic realism/anti-realism. The first part of the paper elucidates the notions of existence and independence of the metaphysical characterization of the realism/anti-realism dispute. The second part of the paper presents a critical taxonomy of the most important positions and doctrines in the contemporary literature on the domains of science and mathematics: scientific realism, scientific anti-realism, constructive empiricism, structural realism, mathematical Platonism, mathematical indispensability, mathematical empiricism, intuitionism, mathematical fictionalism and second philosophy.

State of art paper on the topic causation, around the problem of the nature of causation. Central theories of contemporary philosophical literature are discussed and analysed, namely, regularity theories of Hume and Mackie, counterfactual theories of Lewis, probabilistic theories of Reichenbach, Lewis and Menzies and causal processes theories of Salmon and Dowe.

The enhanced mathematical indispensability argument, proposed by Alan Baker (2005), argues that we must commit to mathematical entities, because mathematical entities play an indispensable explanatory role in our best scientific theories. This article clarifies the doctrines that support this argument, namely, the doctrines of naturalism and confirmational holism.

La Lógica y la Filosofía de la ciencia constituyen disciplinas centrales en la filosofía de nuestro siglo. Y, aunque insuficientemente divulgadas entre el gran público en nuestro país, su peso específico en los ambientes académicos e investigadores va aumentando de día en día. Este volumen de homenaje a R. Carnap y H. Reichenbach, figuras centrales en la conformación de la filosofía de la ciencia, recoge las principales intervenciones de investigadores españoles y extranjeros en un encuentro que, en su honor, se (...) celebró a finales del año 1991. Incluye asimismo muestras significativas de investigaciones que se están realizando en España en la actualidad en los campos de la lógica clásica y multivariada. La teoría de la argumentación, la teoría de la probabilidad, la filosofía de la ciencia en general y en particular, la filosofía de la economía. Finalmente, debido al fallecimiento en aquel año de una de las personalidades más importantes de la filosofía española, J. Ferrater Mora, se incluye un pequeño homenaje que recuerda tanto el talante del filósofo como su obra. (shrink)

A questão da eutanásia e da ortotanásia suplanta os aspectos meramente jurídicos, adentrando necessariamente os campos ético, religioso, social e até mesmo econômico. A tomada de posição do Conselho Federal de Medicina acerca da questão da ortotanásia ens.

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a relação entre dialogismo e memória, considerando como objeto de investigação o processo de escritura em ato. Caracterizado enquanto um estudo de caráter etnolinguístico, propomos uma articulação entre as noções de "memória semântica" e "memória do objeto". A articulação proposta tem como referência teórica a Genética de Textos e a Linguística da Enunciação, defendendo a hipótese de que a condição dialógica e intersubjetiva do escrevente perfaz o conteúdo ativado durante a geração e formulação de (...) uma ideia. Para tal, analisamos os minutos iniciais de um processo de escritura de uma história inventada, efetivado em contexto escolar, do qual participam duas alunas recém-alfabetizadas. O resgate desta dinâmica revelou não apenas o modo como o título foi gerado e a importância do contexto letrado, mas principalmente, o papel do acaso e do imprevisível para a compreensão de seu funcionamento.This article discusses the relationship between dialogism and memory, considering the act of the writing process as the object of investigation. Characterized as a study of an ethnolinguistic nature, we propose a link between the notions of "semantic memory" and "object memory". The proposed link uses Textual Genetics and Enunciation Linguistics as reference, espousing the hypothesis that the writer's dialogic and intersubjective condition generates the activated content during the begetting and formulation of an idea. To this end, we analyze the initial minutes of the process of writing a fictional story, performed in an elementary school context, in which the participants are two newly literate students. The recollection of this dynamic reveals not only how the title was conceived and the importance of the context of literacy, but also and especially the role of fortuity and unpredictability for an understanding of how it works. (shrink)

Uno de los problemas que se le presentan a Kant en la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar es el de la aptitud de la naturaleza en su diversidad particular para ser conformada por las leyes del entendimiento. En este contexto, Kant defi ne los conceptos de naturaleza, materia y fi nalidad de una manera que antes no había tenido cabida en su sistema, y postula la idea de una técnica o arte de la naturaleza. En este artículo se analiza (...) y discute cómo Kant aborda esto, haciendo hincapié en el papel que juega el principio de la conformidad a fi n en el marco de una naciente ciencia de los seres vivos.One of the problems for Kant in the Critique of Judgment is the suitability of nature's particular diversity to the laws of the understanding. In this context, Kant characterizes the concepts of nature, matter and purposiveness in a novel fashion, putting forward the idea of an art or technique of nature. This article considers this new Kantian approach emphasizing the role played by the principle of purposiveness in a context in which a new science of living beings is emerging. (shrink)

Feuerbach deixa claro que a teologia cristã se relaciona negativamente ante a natureza. A depreciação ou desvalorização religiosa pela natureza tem consequências para o julgamento da natureza humana por parte da teologia, pois esta condena também a dimensão natural-sensível da natureza do homem e, frente a esta, enaltece o espírito. Precisamente porque a natureza expressa objetividade, necessidade, corporeidade, sensibilidade, é ela o negativo, por assim dizer uma prova dos limites da interioridade, do sentimento religioso, isto é, a barreira concreta que (...) se opõe à ilusão de uma existência sobrenatural. Deste ponto de vista cristão, ela deve, portanto, ser eliminada, negada. Feuerbach argumenta que Deus (o todo supremo, a essência sublime), o qual a fantasia religiosa criou, é apenas uma representação fantasmagórica do gênero humano, uma construção subjetiva do homem, abstraída de todas as fronteiras e restrições da natureza, e a religião cristã serve ao homem como um meio, com o qual ele tenta livrar-se da natureza. (shrink)

The Anthropocene must also be seen as the convergence of the historicization of nature and human historicity, not simply metaphorically, but factually. As historical time is injected in nature through anthropogenesis, resulting in our having to see nature as a product of a historical process, our understanding of time is being transformed. The Anthropocene must be understood as a temporalization of time tout court. The key concern is what could be called an Anthropocenic matrix of intelligibility and its corresponding image (...) of Anthropos. In the time of the end of time and the time of the end, the new image of humanity is that of a destroyer of world. (shrink)

This introduction positions the special issue by highlighting the inherent relationality of place as well as how place is not just an object of analysis but something that shapes thinking, writing and experiences of the world. We reflect on why sociology has found it somewhat more difficult than its social science counterparts to give place the centrality it merits, and discuss whether this reflects a problem with dealing with questions of ‘scale’ and thinking the ‘in-betweenness’ of place. We assess important (...) formulations of place in recent place theories, including non-essentialist framings of place such as ‘progressive’ and as ‘assemblage’. We make a case for seeing the articles in this special issue (and Thesis Eleven’s own long history of publishing writing on the topic of place) as resonating with the themes of place as materiality, atmospheres and spaces of belonging. (shrink)

Me propongo aquí una reflexión sobre la crisis del humanismo que afecta profundamente a la sociedad y la cultura contemporáneas en todas sus dimensiones. De un modo falsamente optimista, se ha opuesto a esta crisis la figura de un post humanismo triunfante, resultado de los desarrollos de la tecnología contemporánea y sus posibilidades de intervención en el cuerpo y el alma del hombre. Haré aquí una evaluación crítica de ese optimismo, sin por ello reivindicar el viejo humanismo y su razón (...) colonizadora. Trataré de plantear a través de Heidegger y Agamben la condición post humanista y post histórica –en el sentido moderno– en la que nos encontramos. Pero luego intentaré pensar junto a Nietzsche y Bataille una figura del hombre que no es nueva, sino una figura más antigua y creo más profunda, que quedó sepultada bajo la irrupción tectónica del humanismo y su empresa civilizatoria. (shrink)

This article traces the historical roots and origins of the concept of the “axial age” until it reaches its moment of consolidation, with the book The Origin and Goal of History, originally published in 1949, by Karl Jaspers. In addition, some contemporary authors are analyzed who, based on a critical examination of the concept, propose to update it. By analyzing the epistemological characteristics of each of these stages, we can show which elements continue and at the same time which elements (...) change in the understanding of the axial age. While in the first two phases (historical and philosophical), there was a greater emphasis on the simultaneity and equality between civilizations, its shift to the field of sociology (phase 3) implied a greater emphasis on the diversity of civilizations. We also point out that in the current phase, unlike the previous stages, the concept shifts from the analysis of pre-modern civilizations to the analysis of modern civilization as a type of axial era. Despite these shifts and changes, we understand that there is a common basis present in all phases of the discussion. In addition, the research concludes that, despite certain evolutionist readings, criticized here, the concept of the axial age, whether used in a historical-philosophical or sociological key, contains cosmopolitan and plural assumptions and, as such, continues to be an important analytical resource for understanding the complexity and cultural diversity of past and present civilizations. (shrink)

As relações entre Arendt e Montesquieu são fundamentais para compreender adequadamente a noção de poder na pensadora alemã. Considerado por Arendt o último autor da tradição a refletir sobre formas de governo, Montesquieu foi também capaz de realizar uma revisão na tradição do pensamento político ocidental ao introduzir o conceito de “princípio de governo” em sua análise do espírito das leis que regem as formas de governo. Arendt viu o autor francês vinculado à tradição política romana, o que a possibilitaria (...) de pensar a partir dele suas considerações sobre lei, poder, esfera pública, liberdade e não-soberania. (shrink)

Programa en Comunicación, Arquitectura, Ciudad y Territorio (ACTCom), del Laboratorio Transdisciplinario de Etnografía Experimental (Labtee), Facultad de Información y Comunicación (FIC), Universidad de la República (Udelar).

In the background to Ortega’s controversial relationship with some of the most prominent members of the Spanish Generation of '98, there is a gradual shift in Ortega’s original idealism towards a pragmatism. This move takes him from an original confrontation with Maeztu and Baroja to a later critical —even cryptic— acceptance of several of their philosophical theses. The 50th anniversary of the deaths of Ortega and Baroja is a good opporunity to begin an exploration of the question.

This paper addresses the reception of Hegel’s philosophy in Argentina from an exploratory point of view. For this, it offers a preliminary state of the art in which the sources and materials for a study of this type are determined, and a periodization of the reception is proposed that includes the following periods: 1) from the 19th century to the Argentine University Reform of 1918, the time of Hegel’s indirect presence; 2) from 1918 to the First National Congress of Philosophy (...) in 1949, the true beginning of the reception of Hegel; 3) from 1949 to 1982/83, a period of dispute between the existentialist, Marxist, theological and Peronist interpretations of Hegel; and 4) from the democratic restoration to the present, when an institutional consolidation of Hegelian Studies is perceived in the country. As first conclusions, the federal character of the reception of Hegel’s philosophy and the two main moments of the institutionalization of Hegelian Studies in 1931 and 1983 stand out. The first one, in the context of the anti-positivist reaction and the vindication of German philosophy, and the second one, in the framework of the stabilization of academic activity due to the democratic transition. (shrink)

Resumo: A indústria da informação é um dos mais importantes ramos das atividades humanas na civilização moderna, orientando as decisões governamentais, a publicidade, as estratégias das empresas, enfim, abrangendo toda a produção de riqueza e bem estar no mundo atual. Quem hoje pode passar sem informação? Profissionalmente em qualquer atividade, o mais simples homem do campo é atento ao noticiário do seu rádio de pilha para verificar, por exemplo, a previsão do tempo, bem como o mais moderno executivo de uma (...) grande empresa, decidindo a estratégia da mesma, precisa de informação. É mister ressaltar que a busca de informação sempre foi, através dos tempos, uma necessidade preponderante das civilizações, mas o fato a ser destacado, a partir dos anos 50 do nosso século, é que a informação, com o advento do computador, se tomou muito mais ágil, precisa e dinâmica. Num mundo onde antes a informação fluía lentamente, com o computador e mais com a telemática - simbiose das tecnologias de informática e comunicação - o uso da informação ganha uma dinâmica nunca antes pensada. [...] Palavras-chave: informática; indústria da informação; mundo atual. (shrink)

O termo Ecosofia evoca a necessidade de se pensar uma nova relação entre o homem e o meio ambiente a partir de um paradigma pós-cartesiano, uma vez que sob a égide do cartesianismo subscreveu-se uma forma de dominação sobre a natureza onde a última se apresenta como “serva” do homem. Tal expressão remonta ao pensamento do ambientalista norueguês Arne Naess, fundador do movimento conhecido como Deep Ecology, o qual, entre outras características, estabelece que o problema da ecologia está além de (...) um único campo de estudos, envolvendo o esforço coletivo de diferentes áreas, uma vez que se trata de um tema de responsabilidade de todos. Diversos pensadores podem ser incluídos no desenvolvimento daquele conceito, indo de Rousseau a Félix Guattari, a sociólogos como Michel Maffesoli e físicos como Fritjof Capra. Compreendemos, com base nos trabalhos de alguns dos seus principais teóricos, que a Ecosofia abrange uma dimensão metafísica que está além das formas consensuais de combate ao desequilíbrio ambiental, os quais se instrumentalizam através de acordos e metas estabelecidas através de instituições políticas, mas que se promove como uma cosmovisão que tem como princípio transformar a consciência humana para que se acomode aos termos de um novo convívio entre si e com a natureza. Daqui emergem duas tarefas a serem plenamente consolidadas: o reconhecimento da interdependência dos seres vivos entre si, em relação ao meio ambiente e à natureza tomada como origem comum de todos. Este último ponto exprime um conflito com a tradição espiritual do Ocidente de matriz judaico-cristã. (shrink)

My aim in this article is to study the role of beauty as symbol of morality within Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft. First, I draw a comparison between the schematism of concepts and the process of analogous reasoning. I sustain that analogous and symbolic reasoning leads in Kant to a consideration of the objects under the conditions set by the reflective agent himself: the thesis that I will prove thereby is that symbolic objects serve one’s own purposes of reflection on a (...) given topic. I proceed then to explain why Kant considers that beauty is an adequate symbol of morality on account of the existence of an interesting number of similarities between the aesthetical and the moral realms. Lastly, I clarify why only freedom can be exhibited by means of a symbol in Kantian aesthetics, and why the other two ideas of reason —namely God and the soul— are much more associated with the experience of the sublime. (shrink)

Em sua obra de “The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt”, Seyla Benhabib faz o exercício de questionar a formação da concepção arendtiana de modernidade. Retornando à biografia de Rahel Varnhagen, a comentadora aponta para a experiência privilegiada dos salões berlinenses como referências mais interessantes para se pensar a esfera pública, derivando daí um possível universalismo moral de Hannah Arendt. Após expor esta tese de Benhabib, apontamos, em sentido diverso, para a impossibilidade deste exercício em Arendt, mostrando que os salões não (...) poderiam se constituir como referência para a esfera pública por não favorecerem a atividade da ação. (shrink)

En este artículo se examinarán las diferencias entre las ideas de imposibilidad tanto de Alain Badiou como las de Slavoj Žižek a partir de sus lecturas del poeta y crítico francés Stephane Mallarmé. La discusión se centrará en cómo Badiou y Žižek divergen en sus respectivas interpretaciones de la imposibilidad como sello distintivo de lo Real Lacaniano en la obra de Mallarmé. Esta diferencia se enmarca a la luz de la forma en que Badiou y Žižek recurren en consonancia al (...) poeta modernista Mallarmé para comprender las condiciones bajo las cuales el sujeto puede intentar acceder a esta idea imperativa. Aquí se mostrará que dos relaciones se vuelven aparentes: resta y purificación; sustracción como la eliminación de los contenidos imaginarios de la autorrelación del sujeto en un intento de acceder al futuro antérieur y purificación como el intento de depurar la idea pura al ubicar el núcleo opaco del objeto estético como el punto de fisura en la relación con el objeto. (shrink)

This work is focused on the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. This philosopher is one of the most important impeller of modern review of Neoplatonism. The subjects considered in this paper they are the relationship between goodness, freedom and difference in Levinas' thought. Levinas' thesis is that thought and freedom are originated by the relationship with the others. Thought and freedom suppose the difference.

Este artigo tem como objetivo explicitar a complexa relação entre unidade e pluralismo no pensamento político de Carl Schmitt. Tal discussão será feita a partir dos textos O Conceito do Político (Der Begriff des Politischen) e Staatsethik und pluralistischer Staat. Se por um lado, Schmitt confronta-se com a realidade pluralista das sociedades contemporâneas e com o perigo do deslocamento do político para fora da dimensão do Estado, por outro lado, o jurista insiste na procura por uma unidade substancial que transcenda (...) o mero acordo entre as diferentes associações e grupos que compõem a sociedade. (shrink)